Terms of Use

All website content—text, structure, research materials, methodological frameworks, graphics, and design—is proprietary to Periplus Research Ltd and protected by intellectual property and database laws. Content is made available for personal reference. Reproduction, distribution, or commercial use without prior written consent is prohibited.

This content describes outcomes and applications. The collection, coordination, and synthesis methods on which they depend form part of Periplus Research’s operational system and are not disclosed. Reproduction or replication without written authorisation is prohibited

Limitation of liability

Website content is provided for informational purposes only and does not constitute professional advice, investment advice, or a recommendation to act. Findings delivered through client engagements represent the firm’s independent analytical assessment. Periplus Research is not responsible for reliance placed on website content. Advisory and research services are provided only through written engagement and subject to separate terms. Periplus Research excludes all liability for loss or damage from website use to the fullest extent permitted by law.

No warranty

Periplus Research makes no warranties, express or implied, regarding website content, operation, or security.

Governing law

These terms are governed by the laws of England and Wales, subject to the exclusive jurisdiction of the courts of England and Wales.

Registered in England and Wales. Company Number: 15574759.

Hero image: marbled board covers from Chertezhi kb i u Trudov Mineral Obshchestva, lithographed geological, mineralogical, and geodetic maps from early systematic exploration, produced for private circulation by the Imperatorskoe Mineralogicheskoe Obshchestvo, 1842.

The name Periplus derives from the Greek verb περιπλέω—“to sail around.” Periploi (περίπλοι) were the voyages and the manuscripts that recorded them. The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea (Περίπλους τῆς Ἐρυθρᾶς Θαλάσσης), composed in the first century CE, documented trade routes, commercial relationships, and local power structures from the Red Sea through the Horn of Africa to the Indian subcontinent—recording at each port who held authority, what protocols governed access, and which languages mattered. The anonymous author—likely a merchant himself—assessed the character and commercial disposition of Zoscales, king at Adulis of the Aksumite kingdom, for traders who would never meet him. The Periplus of Hanno (Περίπλους Ἄννωνος) recorded Carthaginian navigation along the West African coast. Arrian’s Periplus of the Pontus Euxinus (Περίπλους τοῦ Εὐξείνου Πόντου) charted the Black Sea and the Caucasus.